Pursuing effective vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoa

Abstract Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for important livestock diseases that affect the production of much needed protein resources, and those transmissible to humans pose a public health risk. Vaccines, recognized as cost-effective environmentally friendly method prevention infectious in livestock, can avert losses food decrease exposure zoonotic pathogens. This review focuses on need advances vaccine development against apicomplexan Theileria spp., Babesia Toxoplasma gondii , Neospora caninum Eimeria Besnoitia Sarcocystis Cryptosporidium parvum . Together, effect these cattle industry worldwide causes an enormous burden, yet they remain poorly controlled very few effective practical vaccines them available. Vaccine is hampered by our scarce limited knowledge biology mechanisms pathogenesis microorganisms, absence correlates host immune protection. More studies focused aspects well identification parasite vulnerabilities be exploited design needed. Novel “omics” gene editing approaches understanding complex together with vaccinology will facilitate effective, sustainable, caused parasites. Such help prevent animal human allow enough feed growing population twenty-first century beyond.